Friday, February 21, 2020

COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT USING AUTOMATED ANALYZERS USED IN HEMATOLOGY DEPARTMENT

COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT:

Complete Blood Count (CBC)/ Full Blood Count (FBC) is a group of tests that evaluate the cells which are circulated in blood stream, including Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs) and Platelets (PLTs). The Complete Blood Count is most common test which can evaluate overall health, this test can easily detect variety of diseases and conditions, such as infections, anemia, leukemia and other diseases or conditions.

A CBC is typically performed using an automated instrument known as analyzer that measure various parameters, including cell count and the physical feature of the cells.

Three Main Types of cells evaluated by CBC include:

1.Red Blood Cells:

Red Blood Cells are also known as “erythrocytes”. RBCs are discoid (bi-concave) about 7-8 µm (size of the nucleus of a small lymphocyte) in diameter with the central area of pallor which acquired one third part of the red cell diameter, which are produced in the bone marrow and released into blood stream when they are mature, Each Red Blood Cell contain a Hemoglobin macromolecule, which is a protein and composed of two chain alpha (α) and beta (β) both are comprised of two subunits each, each one having one polypeptide chain and heme group. The typical lifespan of an RBC is 120 days, and the organ that is known as “Graveyard” of RBC is spleen.

What is associated with Red Blood Cells (RBCs) in CBC?

*    Red Blood Cells (RBCs) count: It counts the actual number of red blood cells present in blood sample.

* Hemoglobin: This generally reflects the amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin protein with respect to the number of red blood cells in the blood.

*    Hematocrit: It is measured to detect the percentage of Total Blood Volume that consist Red Blood Cells.

*    Parameters that measure Morphological Features of RBC:

  1. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): This Parameter measures the average size of Red Blood Cells.
  2. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): It is calculated to measure average amount of Hemoglobin inside red blood cells.
  3. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): It is calculated to measure the average concentration per amount of red blood cells present in blood.
  4. Red Cells Distribution Width (RDW): It is the measurement of the variation in size of red blood cells.

Morphology of RBC:

Morphology of Red Blood Cells is the study of Normal and Abnormal form, shape, structure or color of RBC. Morphology Could not be seen with naked eyes visualization of RBC could be seen with the help of a microscope under 10x,40x and 100x (With Immersion Oil) lenses.

2.White Blood Cells:

White Blood Cells are also known as leukocytes which are exist in blood, lymphatic system, and tissues. WBC are important for body natural defense (immune) system. They help protect the body against infections, there are two main types of WBC Granulocytes (Granules present in Cytoplasm) each of these types is distinguished by the color that the granules stain when treated with a compound dye three sub types includes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils. and Agranulocytes (No Granules present in Cytoplasm) two sub-types include: Lymphocytes and Monocytes.

  A. Granulocytes:

  1. Neutrophils: These mobile immune cells can kill and digest bacteria and fungi. They are most numerous types of WBCs and Consist of 55-70%. 
  2. Eosinophils: These cells attack and kill parasites and cancer cells and helps the body in allergic responses.
  3. Basophils: These are small cells that seem to sound an alarm when infectious agents invade your blood. These immune cells secrete chemicals such as histamine, a marker of allergic disease, that help control the body’s immune response.
B. Agranulocytes:
  1. Lymphocytes: They create antibodies to fight against bacteria, viruses, and other potentially harmful invaders.
  2. Monocytes: These cells have a longer lifespan than many other white blood cells. Monocytes are become macrophages and are responsible for fighting against foreign bodies or pathogen and debris by engulfing and inactivating and digesting them in a process known as phagocytosis.

What is associated with White Blood Cells (WBC) in CBC?

White Blood Cells (WBC) count/Total Leukocytes Count (TLC):  It is counted to measure the total number of white blood cells in blood sample.

White Blood Cells Differential/Differential Leukocyte Count (DLC): It is the differential count of white blood cells which counts the number of five types of blood cells present (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils). The individual count can be reported as an Absolute count /Total Percentage.

3.Platelets:

Platelets are derived from myeloid stem cells and have no nucleus. Platelets main function is to prevent bleeding. Formation of plug (Clot) at puncture vein site. Platelets secrete vasoconstrictors which constrict blood vessels, causing vascular spasms in broken blood vessels. Dissolve Blood clot when they are not needed.

What is associated with Platelets (PLT) in CBC?

Platelets (PLT) count: This count shows the number of platelets in blood sample.

  1. Mean Platelet Volume (MPV): It is a measurement of the average size of platelets which is present in blood sample.
  2. Platelet Distribution Width: It reflect how uniform platelets are in size.

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